It is assumed here that an administrator is one who (a) directs the activities of other persons and (b) undertakes the responsibility for achieving certain objectives through these efforts. Within this definition, successful administration appears to rest on three basic skills, which we will call\u00a0<\/span>technical, human,<\/span><\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span>conceptual<\/span><\/i>. It would be unrealistic to assert that these skills are not interrelated, yet there may be real merit in examining each one separately, and in developing them independently.<\/span><\/p>\n As used here, technical skill implies an understanding of, and proficiency in, a specific kind of activity, particularly one involving methods, processes, procedures, or techniques. It is relatively easy for us to visualize the technical skill of the surgeon, the musician, the accountant, or the engineer when each is performing his own special function. Technical skill involves specialized knowledge, analytical ability within that specialty, and facility in the use of the tools and techniques of the specific discipline.<\/span><\/p>\n Of the three skills described in this article, technical skill is perhaps the most familiar because it is the most concrete, and because, in our age of specialization, it is the skill required of the greatest number of people. Most of our vocational and on-the-job training programs are largely concerned with developing this specialized technical skill.<\/span><\/p>\n As used here, human skill is the executive\u2019s ability to work effectively as a group member and to build cooperative effort within the team he leads. As\u00a0<\/span>technical<\/span><\/i>\u00a0skill is primarily concerned with working with \u201cthings\u201d (processes or physical objects), so\u00a0<\/span>human<\/span><\/i>\u00a0skill is primarily concerned with working with people. This skill is demonstrated in the way the individual perceives (and recognizes the perceptions of) his superiors, equals, and subordinates, and in the way he behaves subsequently.<\/span><\/p>\n The person with highly developed human skill is aware of his own attitudes, assumptions, and beliefs about other individuals and groups; he is able to see the usefulness and limitations of these feelings. By accepting the existence of viewpoints, perceptions, and beliefs which are different from his own, he is skilled in understanding what others really mean by their words and behavior. He is equally skillful in communicating to others, in their own contexts, what he means by\u00a0<\/span>his<\/span><\/i>\u00a0behavior.<\/span><\/p>\n Such a person works to create an atmosphere of approval and security in which subordinates feel free to express themselves without fear of censure or ridicule, by encouraging them to participate in the planning and carrying out of those things which directly affect them. He is sufficiently sensitive to the needs and motivations of others in his organization so that he can judge the possible reactions to, and outcomes of, various courses of action he may undertake. Having this sensitivity, he is able and willing to\u00a0<\/span>act<\/span><\/i>\u00a0in a way which takes these perceptions by others into account.<\/span><\/p>\n Real skill in working with others must become a natural, continuous activity, since it involves sensitivity not only at times of decision making but also in the day-by-day behavior of the individual. Human skill cannot be a \u201csometime thing.\u201d Techniques cannot be randomly applied, nor can personality traits be put on or removed like an overcoat. Because everything which an executive says and does (or leaves unsaid or undone) has an effect on his associates, his true self will, in time, show through. Thus, to be effective, this skill must be naturally developed and unconsciously, as well as consistently, demonstrated in the individual\u2019s every action. It must become an integral part of his whole being.<\/span><\/p>\n As used here, conceptual skill involves the ability to see the enterprise as a whole; it includes recognizing how the various functions of the organization depend on one another, and how changes in any one part affect all the others; and it extends to visualizing the relationship of the individual business to the industry, the community, and the political, social, and economic forces of the nation as a whole. Recognizing these relationships and perceiving the significant elements in any situation, the administrator should then be able to act in a way which advances the over-all welfare of the total organization.<\/span><\/p>\n Hence, the success of any decision depends on the conceptual skill of the people who make the decision and those who put it into action. When, for example, an important change in marketing policy is made, it is critical that the effects on production, control, finance, research, and the people involved be considered. And it remains critical right down to the last executive who must implement the new policy. If each executive recognizes the over-all relationships and significance of the change, he is almost certain to be more effective in administering it. Consequently the chances for succeeding are greatly increased.<\/span><\/p>\n Not only does the effective coordination of the various parts of the business depend on the conceptual skill of the administrators involved, but so also does the whole future direction and tone of the organization. The attitudes of a top executive color the whole character of the organization\u2019s response and determine the \u201ccorporate personality\u201d which distinguishes one company\u2019s ways of doing business from another\u2019s. These attitudes are a reflection of the administrator\u2019s conceptual skill (referred to by some as his \u201ccreative ability\u201d\u2014the way he perceives and responds to the direction in which the business should grow, company objectives and policies, and stockholders\u2019 and employees\u2019 interests.<\/span><\/p>\nTechnical skill<\/b><\/h3>\n
Human skill<\/b><\/h3>\n
Conceptual skill<\/b><\/h3>\n